The short answer
A niche house that has been bought keeps its name, but it is no longer independent: its capital belongs to the buyer. As of 5 November 2026, the major niche acquisitions are concentrated in five beauty groups and a few funds, such as Manzanita Capital and Advent International.
The Estée Lauder Companies owns Le Labo (2014), Frédéric Malle (2015), Kilian Paris (2016) and Tom Ford (2023). Puig owns Penhaligon’s and L’Artisan Parfumeur (2015), then Byredo (2022, fully owned since 2024).
L’Oréal owns Atelier Cologne (2016) and, since 31 March 2026, Creed. LVMH has held a majority of Maison Francis Kurkdjian since 2017. Shiseido has owned Serge Lutens since 2015.
Prices are rarely disclosed. Estée Lauder valued Tom Ford at $2.8 billion in November 2022. The deal that moved Creed from Kering to L’Oréal is valued at €4 billion, including fifty-year licences.
Of the 89 houses in our table, 28 belong to a group, 6 have investment funds in their capital and 6 have a private owner. Comme des Garçons Parfums depends on a parent fashion house. 48 are independent, 5 of them with minority investors.
The ownership table
Owners as of 5 November 2026, from our house pages and the groups’ own announcements. One row per house that has an Osmetheca page and whose owner is established by a source.
Licensed houses are listed under the owner of the brand. The group that makes the fragrances is named alongside.
| House | Founded | Owner | Year acquired | Stake held | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua di Parma | 1916, Parma (Italy) | LVMH | 2001 (50%), 2003 (full) | 100% | Owned by a group |
| Aedes de Venustas | 1995, New York (United States) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Amouage | 1983, Muscat (Oman) | SABCO (Oman), majority; L’Oréal, minority | 2025 (L’Oréal) | L’Oréal minority, amount not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Anatole Lebreton | 2014, Provence (France) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Areej Le Doré | 2017, United Kingdom | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| L’Artisan Parfumeur | 1976, Paris (France) | Puig | 2015 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Atelier Cologne | 2009, Paris (France) | L’Oréal | 2016 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| BDK Parfums | 2016, Paris (France) | David Benedek, founder; LVMH Luxury Ventures, minority | 2025 (LVMH Luxury Ventures) | Minority | Independent, outside investors |
| Bond No. 9 | 2003, New York (United States) | Laurice Rahmé, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Bortnikoff | 2018, Thailand | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Byredo | 2006, Stockholm (Sweden) | Puig | 2022 (majority), 2024 (full) | 100% | Owned by a group |
| Caron | 1904, Paris (France) | Cattleya Finance (Benjamin and Ariane de Rothschild) | 2018 | Not disclosed | Private owner |
| Celine | 1945, Paris (France) | LVMH | 1996 | 100% | Owned by a group |
| Chanel | 1910, Paris (France) | Alain and Gérard Wertheimer, through Chanel Limited | Not applicable | 100% | Independent |
| Christian Dior | 1946, Paris (France) | LVMH | Not stated | Not stated | Owned by a group |
| Comme des Garçons Parfums | 1993, Paris (France) | Comme des Garçons (Tokyo); fragrances licensed to Puig since 2002 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Parent house, fragrances under licence |
| Coty | 1904, Paris (France) | Coty Inc., listed; JAB Holding, controlling shareholder | Not applicable | Control (JAB Holding) | Owned by a group |
| Creed | 1760 (claimed), London (United Kingdom) | L’Oréal | 2026 | 100% | Owned by a group |
| D.S. & Durga | Brooklyn, New York (United States) | Manzanita Capital, majority; Monogram Capital, minority | 2024 | Majority | Investment funds in the capital |
| Diptyque | 1961, Paris (France) | Manzanita Capital | 2005 | Not disclosed | Investment funds in the capital |
| Dries Van Noten | 1986 (fashion), 2022 (fragrance), Antwerp (Belgium) | Puig | 2018 | Majority | Owned by a group |
| Eau d’Italie | 2004, Positano (Italy) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Editions de Parfums Frédéric Malle | 2000, Paris (France) | The Estée Lauder Companies | 2015 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Ensar Oud | 2004, New York (United States) | Ensar, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| L’Entropiste | 2025, Paris (France) | Founders, self-funded house | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Escentric Molecules | 2006, London (United Kingdom) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| État Libre d’Orange | 2006, Paris (France) | Étienne de Swardt, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Ex Nihilo | 2013, Paris (France) | The three founders, with L Catterton | 2026 (L Catterton) | Not disclosed | Investment funds in the capital |
| Filippo Sorcinelli | 2014, Mondolfo (Italy) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Fragonard | 1926, Grasse (France) | Costa family | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Galimard | 1747, Grasse (France) | Roux family, since 1950 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Giorgio Armani | 1975, Milan (Italy) | Independent house; fragrances licensed to L’Oréal since 1988 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Goldfield & Banks | 2016, Sydney (Australia) | Dimitri Weber, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Goutal (Annick Goutal) | 1981, Paris (France) | Interparfums SA | 2025 | Worldwide intellectual property | Owned by a group |
| Gucci | 1921, Florence (Italy) | Kering; fragrances licensed to Coty, then to L’Oréal from 1 July 2027 | 1999 (entry), 2004 | Almost all | Owned by a group |
| Guerlain | 1828, Paris (France) | LVMH | 1994 (58.9%), 1996 (balance) | 100% | Owned by a group |
| Henry Jacques | 1975, Draguignan (France) | Founding family | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Hermès | 1837, Paris (France) | Hermès International, listed, family controlled | Not applicable | About two thirds (Hermès family) | Independent |
| Hiram Green | 2013, Gouda (Netherlands) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Houbigant | 1775, Paris (France) | Perris family | 2005 | Not disclosed | Private owner |
| Imaginary Authors | 2012, Portland (United States) | Its founders | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Initio Parfums Privés | 2015, Paris (France) | Artessence Group, controlled by Advent International | 2023 | Majority | Investment funds in the capital |
| Jacques Fath | 1937, Paris (France) | Panouge group | 2008 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Jean Patou | 1914, Paris (France) | Nirvana Investments, Dilesh Mehta’s holding company | 2026 | All of LVMH’s stake (70%) | Private owner |
| Jeroboam | 2015, Paris (France) | François Hénin, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Jovoy | 1923, Paris (France) | François Hénin | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Juliette Has a Gun | 2006, Paris (France) | Founders, with Cathay Capital and Weinberg Capital Partners | 2021, 2023 | Not disclosed | Investment funds in the capital |
| Kilian Paris (By Kilian) | 2007, Paris (France) | The Estée Lauder Companies | 2016 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Lalique | 1888, Paris (France) | Lalique Group (Silvio Denz) | 2008 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Le Labo | 2006, New York (United States) | The Estée Lauder Companies | 2014 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Louis Vuitton | 1854, Paris (France) | LVMH | Not stated | Not stated | Owned by a group |
| Lubin | 1798, Paris (France) | Gilles Thévenin | 2000s | Not disclosed | Private owner |
| Maison Crivelli | 2018, Paris (France) | Thibaud Crivelli, founder; stake held by Extravaganza Beauty | Not stated | Stake, amount not disclosed | Independent, outside investors |
| Maison Francis Kurkdjian | 2009, Paris (France) | LVMH | 2017 | Majority | Owned by a group |
| Maison Margiela | 1988, Paris (France) | OTB; fragrances licensed to L’Oréal since 2008 | 2002 | Not stated | Owned by a group |
| Marc-Antoine Barrois | 2009, Paris (France) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Maria Candida Gentile | 2010, Sarzana (Italy) | Maria Candida Gentile, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Matière Première | 2019, Grasse (France) | Founders, majority; Kering Beauté, minority | 2024 (Kering Beauté) | Minority | Independent, outside investors |
| Maître Parfumeur et Gantier | 1988, Paris (France) | Fahad Al Turki | 2013 | Not disclosed | Private owner |
| Memo Paris | 2007, Paris (France) | Founders, through Memo International | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Mizensir | 1999, Geneva (Switzerland) | Founding family | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Molinard | 1849, Grasse (France) | Founding family | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Mona di Orio | 2004, Amsterdam (Netherlands) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Montale | 2003, Paris (France) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Naomi Goodsir | 2012, Côte d’Azur (France) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Nasomatto | 2007, Amsterdam (Netherlands) | Alessandro Gualtieri, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Nishane | 2012, Istanbul (Turkey) | Founders; Atlas Büyüme Sermayesi fund (Maxis Girişim) and Mada | 2025 | Not disclosed | Independent, outside investors |
| Ormonde Jayne | 2001, London (United Kingdom) | Linda Pilkington, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Orto Parisi | 2014 | Alessandro Gualtieri, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Papillon Artisan Perfumes | 2011, New Forest (United Kingdom) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Parfum d’Empire | 2003, Paris (France) | No group or investor | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Parfums de Marly | 2009, Paris (France) | Artessence Group, controlled by Advent International | 2023 | Majority | Investment funds in the capital |
| Parfums de Nicolaï | 1989, Paris (France) | Founding family | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Pekji | 2018, Istanbul (Turkey) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Penhaligon’s | 1870, London (United Kingdom) | Puig | 2015 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Pierre Guillaume Paris | 2005, Clermont-Ferrand (France) | Pierre Guillaume, founder | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Pineward Perfumes | 2020, Colorado (United States) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Profumum Roma | 1996, Rome (Italy) | Durante family | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Robert Piguet | 1933, Paris (France) | Fashion Fragrances & Cosmetics (United States) | 1990s | Not disclosed | Private owner |
| Rochas | 1925, Paris (France) | Interparfums | 2015 | Brand, fragrance and fashion | Owned by a group |
| ROJA London | 2011, London (United Kingdom) | Extravaganza Beauty | 2026 | Not disclosed | Owned by a group |
| Serge Lutens | 2000, Paris (France) | Shiseido | 2015 (agreement), 2016 (closing) | 100% of the trademark | Owned by a group |
| Slumberhouse | Portland (United States) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Tauer Perfumes | 2005, Zurich (Switzerland) | No group, no known outside investor | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
| Tom Ford | 2005, New York (United States) | The Estée Lauder Companies | 2023 | 100% | Owned by a group |
| Viktor&Rolf | 1993, Amsterdam (Netherlands) | OTB (fashion); fragrances licensed to L’Oréal | 2026 (100% OTB) | 100% (fashion) | Owned by a group |
| Xerjoff | 2007, Turin (Italy) | Sergio Momo, founder; Andrea Tessitore, minority | 2018 (Andrea Tessitore) | Minority | Independent, outside investors |
| Yves Saint Laurent | 1961, Paris (France) | Kering (brand); fragrances licensed to L’Oréal since 2008 | 1999 | Not stated | Owned by a group |
| Zoologist | 2013, Toronto (Canada) | No group | Not applicable | Not applicable | Independent |
The groups, house by house
The Estée Lauder Companies
The American group closed its purchase of Le Labo on 3 November 2014, for an undisclosed sum. It closed the purchase of Editions de Parfums Frédéric Malle on 9 January 2015, after a deal announced on 7 November 2014.
It announced the acquisition of Kilian Paris on 25 February 2016, without disclosing the terms. In November 2022 it announced the purchase of Tom Ford, in a deal that valued the whole brand at $2.8 billion.
The deal closed on 28 April 2023, making Estée Lauder the sole owner of the Tom Ford brand and its intellectual property.
On 23 March 2026, Estée Lauder and Puig confirmed talks about a possible combination. The two groups ended those talks in May 2026 without a deal.
Puig
The Spanish group, based in Barcelona (Spain), bought Penhaligon’s and L’Artisan Parfumeur from Fox Paine & Company in January 2015.
It took a majority stake in Byredo on 31 May 2022, buying from Manzanita Capital. It has owned 100% since 2024, and the price was never disclosed.
Puig has also been the majority shareholder of Dries Van Noten since 2018. It has made the Comme des Garçons fragrances under licence since 2002.
L’Oréal
L’Oréal signed the agreement to buy Atelier Cologne in June 2016. In February 2025 it took a long-term minority stake in Amouage, whose majority shareholder remains the Omani group SABCO.
On 19 October 2025, Kering and L’Oréal announced a deal valued at €4 billion, payable in cash. It covers the sale of Kering Beauté, Creed included, and fifty-year licences on several Kering houses.
L’Oréal closed the deal on 31 March 2026, and Creed joined its L’Oréal Luxe division.
The group also makes licensed fragrances: Yves Saint Laurent since 2008, Maison Margiela since 2008 and Giorgio Armani since 1988, a licence renewed until 2050.
In 2008, L’Oréal bought the Yves Saint Laurent beauty business for €1.15 billion. It takes over the Gucci licence on 1 July 2027, for fifty years.
LVMH
In 1994 the Guerlain family sold 58.9% of Guerlain to LVMH, through Christian Dior, and the balance in 1996. Celine came under the group’s control in 1996.
LVMH bought 50% of Acqua di Parma in 2001 and the rest in 2003. Parfums Christian Dior and Louis Vuitton also belong to the group.
On 20 March 2017, LVMH announced a majority stake in Maison Francis Kurkdjian, for an undisclosed sum. Francis Kurkdjian and Marc Chaya remained shareholders.
In late November 2025, the LVMH Luxury Ventures fund took a minority stake in BDK Parfums, for an undisclosed amount.
LVMH had held 70% of Patou since 2018. On 31 July 2026 it sold its entire stake to Nirvana Investments, Dilesh Mehta’s holding company, for an undisclosed sum.
Kering
Kering, then called PPR, bought into Gucci in 1999 and held almost all of it by 2004. The group still owns the Yves Saint Laurent brand.
In 2023, Kering Beauté bought Creed from BlackRock and Javier Ferrán, for a price reported in the press at €3.5 billion. The deal closed on 17 October 2023.
In June 2024, Kering Beauté took a minority stake in Matière Première. Kering Beauté passed to L’Oréal on 31 March 2026.
Interparfums
Interparfums bought the Rochas brand from Procter & Gamble in 2015, covering fragrance and fashion.
In March 2025, Interparfums SA bought the worldwide intellectual property rights to Goutal from Amorepacific Europe. The price was not disclosed.
The group had bought the Parfums Jean Desprez company in 1994 for $3.7 million. The current owner of the Jean Desprez brands is not established.
Shiseido
Shiseido signed a memorandum of understanding on 13 March 2015 to buy the Serge Lutens trademark, then the purchase agreement on 22 December 2015. The deal closed in early 2016, for an undisclosed sum.
Investment funds
Manzanita Capital, a British fund, has owned Diptyque since 2005. It was the majority owner of Byredo from 2013 to 2022 and has held a majority of D.S. & Durga since January 2024.
Advent International has held a majority of Artessence Group since 2023, the company behind Parfums de Marly and Initio Parfums Privés. Their founder, Julien Sprecher, remains a minority shareholder.
Eurazeo completed the sale of its stake in Ex Nihilo to L Catterton on 20 February 2026. Cathay Capital and Weinberg Capital Partners have been shareholders of Juliette Has a Gun since 2021 and 2023.
Cattleya Finance, the holding company of Benjamin and Ariane de Rothschild, bought Caron in 2018.
Other owners
The Italian group OTB has owned Maison Margiela since 2002 and all of Viktor&Rolf since June 2026. Both houses’ fragrances are made under licence by L’Oréal.
Extravaganza Beauty, a Middle East group, announced the purchase of ROJA London on 18 September 2026. It also holds a stake in Maison Crivelli.
Lalique Group has owned Lalique since 2008. The Panouge group has owned Jacques Fath since 2008. Fashion Fragrances & Cosmetics has relaunched Robert Piguet since 1996.
Coty, listed in New York and Paris, has JAB Holding as its controlling shareholder. It is handing the Gucci licence to L’Oréal, which takes over on 1 July 2027, and receives about $400 million for the early exit.
The major houses that remain independent
Several major houses belong to no group as of 5 November 2026. Each one says so itself, or a dated source does, listed at the foot of this page.
Chanel is wholly owned by Alain and Gérard Wertheimer, through the holding company Chanel Limited. The Hermès family keeps about two thirds of Hermès International, which is listed in Paris.
Giorgio Armani remains an independent house, with its fragrances licensed to L’Oréal. Its founder’s will provides for the sale of a first 15% stake.
Among niche houses, État Libre d’Orange has been owned and run by Étienne de Swardt since 2006. Ormonde Jayne belongs to Linda Pilkington, while Nasomatto and Orto Parisi belong to Alessandro Gualtieri.
Memo Paris is still owned by its founders through Memo International. Bond No. 9 belongs to Laurice Rahmé. Parfum d’Empire, Tauer Perfumes and Papillon Artisan Perfumes have no group and no known outside investor.
Family houses remain numerous: Fragonard (the Costa family), Galimard (the Roux family), Molinard, Mizensir, Parfums de Nicolaï and Profumum Roma.
Others remain independent while opening their capital to minority investors: BDK Parfums (LVMH Luxury Ventures, 2025), Nishane (2025), Xerjoff (2018), Maison Crivelli and Matière Première.
Does an acquisition change a perfume?
The facts published after a takeover concern creative direction, names, catalogues and distribution. Here are the ones that are dated and sourced.
Founders who stay
Kilian Hennessy remains founder and creative director of Kilian Paris under Estée Lauder. Francis Kurkdjian and Marc Chaya stayed on as shareholders and in their roles at Maison Francis Kurkdjian after 2017.
David Seth Moltz and Kavi Moltz kept creative control of D.S. & Durga after Manzanita Capital came in. Julien Sprecher remained creative director of Parfums de Marly and Initio after 2023.
Founders who leave
Frédéric Malle left the house that bears his name in April 2024, nine years after the Estée Lauder purchase. Ben Gorham left Byredo in June 2025, after Puig took full control.
Roja Dove became a consultant to ROJA London when Extravaganza Beauty bought it in 2026.
Perfumer, name and catalogue
After its 2018 sale, Caron redesigned its bottles, refocused its catalogue on its historic pillars and appointed Jean Jacques as perfumer.
Under Amorepacific, Annick Goutal became Goutal Paris in 2018. In 2026, Interparfums relaunched Goutal with a return to its founder’s vision.
In 2018, under LVMH, the name Joy passed to a Dior fragrance. Whether the Jean Patou fragrances are still on sale is not established.
Distribution
Atelier Cologne withdrew from North America in 2022 and refocused on Asia, six years after L’Oréal bought it.
The LVMH Luxury Ventures investment in BDK Parfums is meant to fund international growth, new boutiques and a wider range.
The chief executive of Amouage said L’Oréal’s investment had no impact on the house’s operations.
Frequently asked questions
Does a niche house stay independent after an acquisition?
Not in terms of ownership: it becomes a brand of the buying group. Some founders stay in charge of creation, such as Kilian Hennessy at Estée Lauder. Others leave, such as Frédéric Malle in 2024 and Ben Gorham in 2025.
Which groups own the most niche houses?
Estée Lauder owns Le Labo, Frédéric Malle and Kilian Paris, plus Tom Ford since 2023. Puig owns Penhaligon’s, L’Artisan Parfumeur and Byredo. LVMH owns Guerlain and Acqua di Parma and holds a majority of Maison Francis Kurkdjian.
Who owns Creed today?
L’Oréal has owned Creed since 31 March 2026, when it completed the purchase of Kering Beauté. Kering had bought Creed in 2023, for a reported €3.5 billion.
Who owns Diptyque?
The British fund Manzanita Capital has owned Diptyque since 2005. The same fund has held a majority of D.S. & Durga since January 2024.
Which major niche houses are still independent?
État Libre d’Orange, Ormonde Jayne, Nasomatto, Memo Paris, Bond No. 9, Parfum d’Empire, Tauer Perfumes and Parfums de Nicolaï belong to no group. BDK Parfums, Nishane and Xerjoff have opened their capital to minority investors.
Will Estée Lauder and Puig merge?
No. The two groups confirmed talks on 23 March 2026, then ended them in May 2026 without a deal.
See also
Sources
- The Estée Lauder Companies, “The Estée Lauder Companies Completes Acquisition of Le Labo”, press release, 3 November 2014
- The Estée Lauder Companies, “The Estée Lauder Companies Completes Acquisition of Editions de Parfums Frédéric Malle”, press release, 9 January 2015
- The Estée Lauder Companies, By Kilian acquisition press release, 25 February 2016
- The Estée Lauder Companies, KILIAN PARIS brand page, accessed 4 November 2026
- The Estée Lauder Companies, announcement of the TOM FORD acquisition, exhibit 99.1 to Form 8-K, 15 November 2022
- The Estée Lauder Companies, “The Estée Lauder Companies Completes Acquisition of the TOM FORD Brand”, Business Wire, 28 April 2023
- CosmeticsDesign, “Estée Lauder Companies x Puig in merger talks amid beauty sector shifts”, 24 March 2026
- The Moodie Davitt Report, “The Estée Lauder Companies and Puig end talks over potential merger”, May 2026
- Premium Beauty News, “Puig acquires niche fragrance brands Penhaligon’s and L’Artisan Parfumeur”, January 2015
- Puig, “Puig acquires a majority stake in Byredo”, press release, 31 May 2022
- Modaes, “Puig se hace con el control total de Byredo tras la salida de su fundador”, 2025
- Cosmetics Business, Ben Gorham leaves Byredo, 19 June 2025
- Puig, “A new chapter for Dries Van Noten”, newsroom
- Comme des Garçons Parfums, official website
- L’Oréal Finance, “L’Oréal signs agreement to acquire Atelier Cologne”, June 2016
- FashionNetwork, “Fragrance brand Atelier Cologne set to withdraw from North America”, 2022
- Premium Beauty News, “L’Oréal confirms its entry into Amouage’s capital”, 12 February 2025
- Global Cosmetic Industry, “L’Oréal Acquires Minority Stake in Amouage”, February 2025
- L’Oréal, “Kering and L’Oréal forge an alliance in beauty and wellness”, press release, 19 October 2025
- L’Oréal, “L’Oréal completes the acquisition of Kering Beauté”, press release, 31 March 2026
- The Moodie Davitt Report, “L’Oréal and PPR finalise Yves Saint Laurent deal”, 7 May 2008
- L’Oréal Finance, renewal of the Armani licence until 2050
- TRBusiness, Kevin Rozario, “L’Oréal to take control of Gucci Beauty from July 2027, a year early”, 14 July 2026
- Guerlain, official history of the house
- Celine, official website
- LVMH, Acqua di Parma house page
- Dior, official website
- LVMH, “LVMH presents Les Fontaines Parfumées in the French town of Grasse”, press release, September 2016
- LVMH, “Maison Francis Kurkdjian joins the LVMH group”, 20 March 2017
- Premium Beauty News, “LVMH Luxury Ventures acquires minority stake in BDK Parfums”, 1 December 2025
- BeautyMatter, “Dilesh Mehta Acquires Patou from LVMH”, 3 August 2026
- WWD, “LVMH taps designer to revive Jean Patou”, 2018
- Kering, “Kering Beauté completes the acquisition of Creed”, press release, 17 October 2023
- FashionUnited, “Kering’s acquisition of Creed is reportedly valued at 3.5 billion euros”, 10 July 2023
- Premium Beauty News, “Kering invests in Matière Première”, 2024
- FashionNetwork, “Interparfums completes acquisition of Rochas”, 1 June 2015
- Interparfums Inc., “Interparfums, Inc. Announces Acquisition of the Goutal Brand”, 17 March 2025
- WWD, “Goutal Paris Combines Brand Heritage With Modern Look”, 2018
- Premium Beauty News, Sophie Normand, “Interparfums reboots Annick Goutal with a return to its founding vision”, 13 July 2026
- The Rose Sheet, “Parlux adds Bal a Versailles to list of recent acquisitions”, 22 January 1996
- Shiseido, “Shiseido signed for purchasing Serge Lutens trademark”, 22 December 2015
- CosmeticsDesign Europe, “Shiseido completes purchase of Serge Lutens trademark”, 5 January 2016
- FashionUnited, Manzanita Capital buys Diptyque, 14 April 2005
- WWD, James Manso, “EXCLUSIVE: Manzanita Capital Acquires D.S. & Durga”, 31 January 2024
- Advent International, partnership with the founder of Parfums de Marly and Initio Parfums Privés, press release, 22 June 2023
- Cosmetics Business, Alessandro Carrara, “Parfums de Marly and Initio owner nears $1 billion in retail sales in 2026”, 29 April 2026
- Eurazeo, “Eurazeo completes the sale of Ex Nihilo to L Catterton”, press release, 20 February 2026
- Cathay Capital, “Juliette has a gun continues its adventure with Cathay Capital and welcomes in Weinberg Capital Partners”, 9 May 2023
- WWD, “Parfums Caron changes hands”, 2018
- Parfums Caron, “Our Story”, official page, read on 25 October 2026
- OTB, “Our brands”, official website
- Maison Margiela Fragrances, “Our story”, official website
- FashionNetwork, “OTB grows stake in Viktor & Rolf to 100%”, 4 June 2026
- L’Oréal, Viktor&Rolf brand page
- BeautyMatter, “Extravaganza Beauty Acquires Luxury Fragrance Brand Roja London”, 18 September 2026
- Maison Crivelli, official website
- Lalique Group, official website
- Panouge Group, Jacques Fath page
- Robert Piguet Parfums, official website
- Coty Inc., investor relations
- Global Cosmetics News, “Coty Chair Peter Harf to Step Down as JAB Plans Leadership Overhaul”, 15 December 2025
- WWD, “Who Owns Chanel”, the Wertheimer family
- Hermès International, 2025 activity report
- Cosmetics Business, Lollie Hancock, “Is Armani looking to split its 15% sale stake among L’Oréal, LVMH and EssilorLuxottica?”, 11 May 2026
- FashionUnited, “Frédéric Malle is exiting his fragrance brand Editions de Parfums”, 19 April 2024
- Aedes de Venustas, official website
- Anatole Lebreton, “About” page, official website
- Areej Le Doré, “About the Perfumer” page
- Bond No. 9, official website
- Bortnikoff, “About us” page
- Eau d’Italie, “La Nostra Storia”
- Ensar Oud, “About EO” page
- L’Entropiste, official website
- Escentric Molecules, about the house
- État Libre d’Orange, “The brand”, official website
- Filippo Sorcinelli, “About us” page
- Fragonard Parfumeur, “Une histoire de famille”
- Galimard, official website, History section
- Goldfield & Banks, about the house
- Henry Jacques, official website
- Hiram Green, “About” page
- Houbigant Parfum, official website
- Imaginary Authors, official website
- The Perfume Society, Jeroboam house profile
- Jovoy Paris, official website
- Lubin Parfums, official website
- Marc-Antoine Barrois, “L’histoire”, official website
- Maria Candida Gentile, official website
- Maître Parfumeur et Gantier, official website
- Memo Paris, “Our Story”
- Mizensir, “Histoire d’une maison suisse”
- Molinard, official website
- Mona di Orio Parfums, official website
- Montale, “La Maison Montale”
- Naomi Goodsir, official website
- Wallpaper, interview with Alessandro Gualtieri, 18 June 2018
- Maxis Girişim, investment in Nishane through the Atlas Büyüme Sermayesi fund, 20 September 2025
- Ormonde Jayne, “Our Story”
- Orto Parisi, official website
- Papillon Perfumery, official website
- Parfum d’Empire, “Notre histoire”
- Nicolaï Paris, “Notre Histoire”
- Premium Beauty News, “Décès de Jean-Louis Michau, co-fondateur de Nicolaï Parfumeur-Créateur”, 6 November 2019
- Pekji, “About us” page
- Pierre Guillaume Paris, official house biography
- Pineward Perfumes, “About” page
- Profumum Roma, “Who we are”
- Slumberhouse, official website
- Tauer Perfumes, “About us” page
- Xerjoff, “The story of Xerjoff”
- Zoologist, “7 Niche Years Later: Interview With Victor Wong”, official blog, 2020